# Vietnam-EU Partnership Deepens Amidst Rights Concerns

> General Secretary To Lam met European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen, signaling closer ties even as human rights groups report over 160 political prisoners in Vietnam.

By PrimaryBrief newsroom · Published 2026-10-22T17:11:34.458852Z
Canonical: https://primarybrief.com/article/vietnam-eu-partnership-deepens-amidst-rights-concerns-5aa60d60

General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam Central Committee and President To Lam met with European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen on October 22, 2026, to discuss deepening their Comprehensive Strategic Partnership, while human rights organizations report over 160 political prisoners in Vietnam [4][6][12]. This meeting highlights the EU's continued engagement with Vietnam, its largest trading partner in ASEAN, despite ongoing concerns about Vietnam's human rights and labor rights record [1][2][5].

The deepening relationship holds significant economic implications for both sides, with the EU being a major market for Vietnamese exports. However, for human rights activists and independent labor organizers within Vietnam, the situation remains challenging, raising questions about the effectiveness of human rights clauses in international trade agreements.

## What the records show
The relationship between the European Union and Vietnam significantly progressed with the implementation of the EU-Vietnam Free Trade Agreement (EVFTA) in August 2020 [1][2]. In January 2026, their diplomatic ties were elevated to a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership [2][3]. The EVFTA, the EU's second such agreement with a member of ASEAN, includes a Trade and Sustainable Development (TSD) chapter that incorporates human rights protection and labor standards [1][13]. Under this agreement, Vietnam committed to implementing ratified International Labour Organization (ILO) conventions and to ratifying ILO Convention 87 on freedom of association [11].

Human rights organizations, including Human Rights Watch (HRW), continue to report severe restrictions in Vietnam [12]. HRW estimates that over 160 political prisoners are currently held in Vietnam [12]. In the first nine months of 2026, authorities convicted at least 28 activists and arrested 39 for criticizing the government [12]. Journalist Doan Bao Chau received a seven-year sentence for social media posts [12]. The government frequently uses vaguely worded Penal Code provisions, such as Article 116, which refers to "undermine national unity," and Article 117, which addresses "spread propaganda against the state," to prosecute dissent [12]. On labor rights, Vietnam's commitments under the EVFTA to establish independent trade unions remain largely unfulfilled [11]. Despite legislative changes introduced in 2021, authorities have not created the necessary regulatory framework for workers to form independent organizations [13]. In February 2025, FIDH and other non-governmental organizations filed a complaint with the European Commission, alleging that Vietnam's suppression of human rights defenders violates the EVFTA [11].

## The timeline
The EU-Vietnam Free Trade Agreement became effective in August 2020 [2]. In January 2026, the EU and Vietnam upgraded their relationship to a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership [2][3]. General Secretary To Lam paid an official visit to the EU from October 21-24, 2026 [4]. During this visit, he met with European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen in Brussels on October 22, 2026 [6].

## What changed and for whom
The EVFTA has visibly boosted economic ties between the EU and Vietnam [2][5]. Vietnam is now the EU's largest trading partner in ASEAN, with over 70% of its exports to the EU going to countries such as the Netherlands, Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, and Spain [2]. For human rights defenders and independent labor organizers in Vietnam, the situation has remained difficult. Journalist Phạm Chí Dũng was arrested in 2019 after urging Members of the European Parliament to delay the EVFTA's ratification due to human rights concerns [13]. Legislative changes in 2021, which were reportedly intended to allow "worker organizations," have not resulted in the creation of independent organizations due to a lack of a regulatory framework [13].

## What the subject has said publicly
During his meeting with President von der Leyen on October 22, 2026, General Secretary To Lam reiterated Vietnam's focus on deepening the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership [6]. He emphasized cooperation in science, technology, innovation, and energy transition, stating that Vietnam views the EU as a priority partner [6].

## What we could not confirm
PrimaryBrief could not confirm any specific public response from the Vietnamese government addressing the allegations made by Human Rights Watch and FIDH regarding the number of political prisoners, the convictions of activists, the use of Penal Code provisions against dissent, or the unfulfilled commitments on independent trade unions [11][12].

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55. EVFTA entered into force from August 1, 2020 (vinacontrol.com.vn) — https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQFRIWL0GxMcfbrvlRTjFUAdvwq7TfISAB17tH7YPaUUafeKrXUJO-duoDwsHkkEGo9elD45ZHbxTS_Zo0WRagG4eBKPkJMjoPHMfZk0qJIIwStKTp-EaMkqW2mNSQpod3sJN-zqoJuh_uuKw3rOnARqti6grf3h9BQKlCfPQFo8DfJupcFD31jBcTUN1cfDSvC9
56. EVFTA: five years on | Vietnam Law Magazine (vietnamlawmagazine.vn) — https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQGSVK7woVGZ873y74wQWw-Qowyq-JkTWzClYVpeGRBrLY0elZmyM-SXB86DZ6_ik1iO6WTSuxMQdYAlwfjqF0ch0majG6Wn1K-_timNqS5KjiFCendQYZFoqno4nRioijKukMVNs6qiN3_q1XSDm6A7nAOxXq1GS3prhnUa5pkT9nAKhDBlLR7LF-g9vYbh66v04u9e_8w=
57. EU-Vietnam Free Trade Agreement (EVFTA) officially enters into force (legal500.com) — https://vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com/grounding-api-redirect/AUZIYQGKMXrZhfRN1ooMYUVVYGn5GdzYYfcRbfHg3WtQ1FfxuKDjTeXShf_UsQ200FH1nQzzmziESmTCzE4o2yyEdcSGngc5BllEltuFjoFmc1VcXdlKHbKni9_TZH_K1Mqi_7KWgeGjMhRLItTtmdA5DduGCLZBebs-0f8SjXC7-dSi_FVSEwC_Mgw4mViaTcTd6JqptBNsdVu6_0nsNPCOroSJcyIne96wg396i2wGL4MRMvACiqRdWqDFazmO4DmvkA==